Regulación de la Enfermería Española: incorporación a la profesión sanitaria (1850-1950) / Regulation of Spanish Nursing: incorporation into the health profession (1850-1950) / Regulation of Spanish Nursing: incorporation into the health profession (1850-1950)

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Conocer la evolución de la formación académica de la enfermería española (1850-1950), describiendo los cambios que la transformaron en profesión sanitaria. MÉTODO Investigación histórica en la modalidad exploratoria-descriptiva, con análisis e interpretación de información obtenida en bases de datos electrónicas, archivos nacionales, provinciales y municipales, Boletines Oficiales y Bibliotecas. RESULTADOS En 1850 coexistían diferentes categorías sanitarias, sin embargo, el título de enfermera no surgió hasta 1915. Con el auge que alcanzó la Salud Comunitaria durante esa época, en 1924, se funda la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, creándose en 1932 las especialidades de Enfermero Psiquiátrico, Enfermeras Pediátricas y Enfermeras Visitadoras. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Entre 1915 y 1950 los profesionales de enfermería poseían formación universitaria, por tanto, a través del conocimiento científico estos sanitarios adquirieron una identidad propia dentro de las profesiones de la salud. Se logró proporcionar una asistencia especializada para el cuidado de personas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To know the evolution of the academic formation of the Spanish infirmary (1850-1950), describing the changes that transformed it into sanitary profession. METHOD Historical research in the exploratory-descriptive modality, with analysis and interpretation of information obtained from electronic databases, national, provincial and municipal archives, official gazettes and libraries. RESULTS In 1850 different health categories coexisted, however, the title of nurse did not emerge until 1915. With the boom that Community Health reached during that time, in 1924, the National School of Health was founded, creating in 1932 the specialties of Psychiatric Nurse, Pediatric Nurse and Visiting Nurse of Mental Hygiene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Between 1915 and 1950 all nursing professionals had university training, therefore, through scientific knowledge these health professionals acquired their own identity within the health professions and they were able to provide specialized assistance for the care of people.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To know the evolution of the academic formation of the Spanish infirmary (1850-1950), describing the changes that transformed it into sanitary profession. METHOD Historical research in the exploratory-descriptive modality, with analysis and interpretation of information obtained from electronic databases, national, provincial and municipal archives, official gazettes and libraries. RESULTS In 1850 different health categories coexisted, however, the title of nurse did not emerge until 1915. With the boom that Community Health reached during that time, in 1924, the National School of Health was founded, creating in 1932 the specialties of Psychiatric Nurse, Pediatric Nurse and Visiting Nurse of Mental Hygiene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Between 1915 and 1950 all nursing professionals had university training, therefore, through scientific knowledge these health professionals acquired their own identity within the health professions and they were able to provide specialized assistance for the care of people.

Honouring the achievements of Ethel Gordon Fenwick and of all nurses.

Jasmine Callaghan, Editor, Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, reports for BJN on a Nursing and Midwifery Council event to mark 100 years of nurse regulation and celebrate what nurses have accomplished.

[The vision of nursing provided by Léonie Chaptal: a strategic mistake in the development of nursing science in France ?] / La vision des soins portée par Léonie Chaptal : une erreur stratégique dans le développement de la discipline des sciences infirmières en France ?

The issue of the development of the discipline displayed by nursing sciences in France is crucial, especially since the Law of Modernization of the Health System has established a legal framework for advanced practice since 2016. This article presents a discussion on the important role that Léonie Chaptal has played in the development of nursing care in France, based on a purely professional vision, guaranteeing the subordination of the nurses to the medical physicians the in the spirit of the law of November 30, 1892 which had established a stranglehold of medical profession on health. We have drawn from this discussion some lessons that we consider essential for the future development of a true discipline of nursing in France, in the context of the deep organizational transformation initiated by the health system.

Nenhuma liberdade é plena se não for obtida pelas próprias mãos / Ninguna libertad es plena si no se obtiene con las propias manos / No freedom is complete if it is not achieved by one's own hands

Tramita no Congresso Nacional Brasileiro o Projeto de Lei 4930/2016 que altera a Lei nº 7.498, de 25 de junho de 1986, que regulamenta o exercício da enfermagem, para nela incluir a obrigatoriedade da realização de exame de suficiência para obtenção de registro profissional. A Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem, a Executiva Nacional dos Estudantes e a Federação Nacional dos Enfermeiros - entidades representativas da Enfermagem Brasileira, tornaram público posicionamento contrário ao referido exame. é necessário reforçar o rigor regulatório sobre a formação em enfermagem no Brasil, que atenda as especificidades da área, ampliando os mecanismos de avaliação de cursos, instituições de educação superior e ampliando o movimento pela qualidade da educação em enfermagem. (AU)

In the Brazilian National Congress, the law project No. 4930/2016 was drafted with a view to amending Law No. 7,498 of June 25, 1986, which regulates the exercise of nursing, in order to include in it the obligation to carry out a sufficiency test for obtaining professional registration. The Brazilian Nursing Association, the National Executive Committee of Students and the National Federation of Nurses - representatives of Brazilian nursing, made public a position contrary to this examination. It is necessary to reinforce the regulatory rigor on nursing education in Brazil, which meets the specificities of the area, expanding the evaluation mechanisms of higher education courses and institutions and expanding the movement for the quality of nursing education. (AU)

Se tramita en el Congreso Nacional Brasileño el Proyecto de Ley nº 4930/2016, con el propósito de alterar la Ley nº 7.498, del 25 de junio de 1986, que reglamenta el ejercicio de enfermería, con el fin de incluir en ella, la obligatoriedad de realizar exámenes de suficiencia para obtener el registro profesional. La Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería, la Ejecutiva Nacional de los Estudiantes y la Federación Nacional de los Enfermeros - entidades representativas de la enfermería brasileña, hicieron público su posicionamiento contrario al referido examen. Es necesario reforzar el rigor regulatorio sobre la formación en enfermería en Brasil, atendiendo las especificidades del área, ampliando los mecanismos de evaluación de los cursos e instituciones de educación superior y ampliando el movimiento por la calidad de la educación en enfermería. (AU)

Exploring historical conflicts between midwives and nurses: a perspective from Chile.

This article explores issues of historical disputes between nurses and midwives based in Chile. The interaction of these two professions in that country has become an arena of competition which leads to conflicts periodically, such as those related to the ownership of the care of new-borns, and that of projects aimed at relieving nurse shortages by enhancing midwives' nursing skills. Specifically, this article aims to build on historical and contemporary resources analysed from a sociological perspective, and present comparatively a rationale concerning nursing/midwifery jurisdictional conflicts through a social history account. Our analysis suggests that nurses/midwives interaction has been shaped by social-historical transformations and the continuous evolution of the healthcare system as a whole, resulting in a race towards technologisation. These interprofessional conflicts can be explained partly by mechanisms of boundary expansion within an organisational/interpretive domain, as well as varying degrees of medicalisation; and partly by a competition possibly originating from a middle-class consciousness. An eventual merger of the two professions might lead to the enhancement of the political power of the caring professions and integrated care.

[The nursing process and the law of professional exercise]. / O processo de enfermagem e a lei do exercício profissional.

The necessity of the cientificity in the nursing's working process, pushed by the science's advance and enclosure in the job market, configured itself in the establishment of nursing's process. The purpose of this study was to analyze in the nursing's legal documents, the nurse's duty opposite the Brazilian society, in the perspective of the scientific methodology in the working process. In a historic approach, the laws and designation-laws that normalized the nursing usage in the period that the nursing process was being introduced in Brazil. We detected in the results that the nurses in the 1960's up to the 1980's saw themselves being pushed by the universities' contradictory collections, by the job market and the professional's exercise law, combining the administration care planning supervision and teaching.

O processo de enfermagem e a lei do exercício profissional / The nursing process and the law of professional exercise / El proceso de enfermería y la ley del ejercicio profesional

A necessidade da cientificidade no processo de trabalho da enfermagem, impulsionada pelo avanço da ciência e contextualizada no mercado de trabalho, configurou-se na implantação do processo de enfermagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar nos documentos legais de enfermagem, as atribuições do enfermeiro frente à sociedade brasileira, na perspectiva da implantação de metodologia científica no processo de trabalho. Numa abordagem histórica, foram analisados Leis e Decretos-Leis que normatizaram a prática da enfermagem no período da implantação do processo de enfermagem no Brasil. Nos resultados detectamos que as enfermeiras das décadas de 1960 a 1980 viram-se pressionadas por cobranças contraditórias das universidades, do mercado de trabalho e Lei do exercício profissional, aliando o planejamento do cuidado à administração, supervisão e ensino.

The necessity of the cientificity in the nursing's working process, pushed by the science's advance and enclosure in the job market, configured itself in the establishment of nursing's process. The purpose of this study was to analyze in the nursing's legal documents, the nurse's duty opposite the Brazilian society, in the perspective of the scientific methodology in the working process. In a historic approach, the laws and designation-laws that normalized the nursing usage in the period that the nursing process was being introduced in Brazil. We detected in the results that the nurses in the 1960's up to the 1980's saw themselves being pushed by the universities' contradictory collections, by the job market and the professional's exercise law, combining the administration care planning supervision and teaching.

La necesidad de la cientificidad en el proceso de trabajo de la enfermería, impulsada por el avance de la ciencia y contextualizada en el mercado de trabajo, se configuró en la implantación del proceso de enfermería. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar en los documentos legales de enfermería, las atribuciones del enfermero frente a la sociedad brasilera, en la perspectiva de la implantación de metodología científica en el proceso de trabajo. En un abordaje histórico, fueron analizados Leyes y Decretos-Leyes que normalizan la práctica de la enfermería en el período de la implantación del proceso de enfermería en el Brasil. En los resultados detectamos que las enfermeras de las décadas de 1960 a 1980 se vieron presionadas por demandas contradictorias de las universidades, del mercado de trabajo y Ley del ejercicio profesional, uniendo la planeación del cuidado a la administración, supervisión y educación.

Waleska Paixão: uma biografia a serviço da enfermagem brasileira / Waleska Paixão: a biography dedicated to the Brazilian nursing / Waleska Paixão: una biografía al servicio Desarrollo de la enfermería brasileña.

Trata-se de estudo sobre dados históricos de vida de Waleska Paixão, elaborado com o objetivo de analisar suas contribuições mais significativas à Enfermagem brasileira e lançar um primeiro olhar sobre as plenitudes de questões envolvendo experiências vividas por esta enfermeira, em seu tempo. As fontes primárias são documentos do Centro de Documentação da Escola Anna Nery da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e depoimento oral de Waleska Paixão arquivado na instituição. Os resultados demonstram que a trajetória de vida da protagonista focalizada pelo estudo teve caminho marcante na Enfermagem, articularmente no que concerne a avanços da profissão e do ethos primaz do perfil das(os) enfermeiras(os), líderes na construção pedagógicado ensino de Enfermagem e na edificação da Enfermagem brasileira.

Enfoque histórico de la profesión de enfermería / No disponible

El siguiente artículo trata de un enfoque evolutivo de laprofesión de la Enfermería desde los albores de la humanidadhasta la actualidad, revisando cuáles han sido los principalesfactores que han ido modificando su configuracióny lo siguen haciendo en la actualidad ya que sólo conociendoel pasado, se conoce el marco actual donde se desarrollala profesión de enfermería y también su proyecciónfutura, ya que se trata de un proceso dinámico y evolutivo.De esta manera se conoce cuál ha sido el papel desempeñadopor la enfermería en cada época de la historia y porende, el papel que desempeña en la actualidad(AU)

The following article is an evolutionary approach tothe nursing profession since the dawn of mankind untilthe present, reviewing what had been the main factorsthat have been changing their configuration and are doingit now because only by knowing the past , called the currentframework is developed where the nursing professionand its future projection, since it is a dynamic and evolvingprocess. Thus what has been called the role of nursingin every period of history and thus the role currently(AU)

Exposición accidental. Cómo actuar / No disponible

Paralelamente a los cambios sociales que se desarrollan encada etapa de la vida en el transcurso de la historia, laEnfermería, como profesión dinámica, se ha ido adaptandoa nuevos escenarios y nuevas realidades que traspasan elámbito cotidiano del desempeño de su trabajo.La profesión enfermera, ha ido evolucionando creándoseun espacio, ahora imprescindible, en áreas tan importantescomo la cooperación internacional y ayuda humanitaria.Esta ayuda humanitaria está regulada por las leyes delDerecho Internacional y humanitario, y su contribución sebasa en la prevención, asistencia y posterior reconstrucciónde la zona afectada, pudiéndose tratar de una misiónde paz o armada. Esta contribución ha puesto muchasveces en peligro la propia integridad del cooperante enfermero.Esta evolución además ha evolucionado hacia estándaresde alta cualificación basados en el rigor científico,tiene cada vez mayor protagonismo e implicación en temasde mantenimiento y promoción de la salud, no sólo ensociedades estructuradas, sino también en entornos de riesgo,socialmente vulnerables e inseguros(AU)

Parallel to the social changes taking place in everystage of life in the course of history nursing, and dynamicprofession, has adapted to new scenarios an new realitiesthan transcend the everyday level of job performance. Thenursing profession has evolved, creating a space, nowindispensable in such an important areas as internationalcooperation and humanitarian aid. This humanitarian aidis governed by the laws of international law and humanitarianlaw, and its contribution is based on prevention,assistance and the reconstruction of the affected area,being able to try a mission of peace or armed. The contributionhas often threatened the very integrity of the cooperatingnurse. This development has also evolvedtowards a higher qualification standards based on soundscience, is increasingly greater role and involvement inissues of maintenance and health promotion, not only instructured societies, even in environments of risk, sociallyvulnerable and insecure(AU)

The politics of midwifery education and training in New South Wales during the last decades of the 19th Century.

This paper focuses on the introduction and development of midwifery education and training in Sydney during the last decades of the 19th century. The aim of the training, it is argued, was to displace the lay midwives by trained midwifery nurses who would work under medical control. The lay midwives were one of the largest occupational groups among women and two-thirds of births in NSW were being delivered by them in the late 19th century. It was a period of professionalisation of medicine and medical men laid claim to midwifery as a legitimate sphere of their practice and saw it as the gateway for establishing a family practice. The lay midwife stood in the way of their claim. The training programs were established purportedly to control maternal mortality. From the beginning in 1887 medical men were in control of midwifery nurse training. In addition to training at the Benevolent Society Asylum, three more women's hospitals were established in the 1890s in Sydney making it possible to train a stream of midwifery nurses. The midwifery nurses were charged exorbitant fees for their training; the fees contributed substantially towards running the new hospitals that delivered birth services to the poor and destitute women mostly in their homes. The midwifery nurses worked hard in miserable conditions under the guise of clinical experience required for training. When a critical mass of poorly trained midwifery nurses were in the offing, a Bill was introduced into the Parliament in 1895, restricting registration to midwifery nurses and this would have eliminated the lay midwife if passed. It took more than two decades to get a Registration Bill passed in the NSW Parliament.